Transportation and Communication

Adequate, reliable and economical facilities for the storage, handling and carrying of material and finished products are essential to every factory. Transport facilities are especially important in industries having heavy, perishable and weight-losing raw materials or finished products. This explains the location of jute industry on the banks of Hoogly river in India. In addition to transportation, business firms require efficient means of communication to remain in close touch with their environment. From the point of view transport, the ideal location is one of one of that is directly served by water, rail, road, and air transport and where the aggregate costs of transport per unit of finished product are the lowest possible one. The junction point of railways, roadways and waterways tend to become important industrial centers. Industrialists are reluctant to locate their plants in the rural areas due to the absence of improved means of transport and communication in such areas. Transport policy also affects location. The pre-independence policy of railways to stimulate traffic to port towns tended to make industries concentrate in port towns. This policy is no longer in force and consequently the significance of port has diminished.

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Exemptions and Privileges

A co-operative society enjoys several exemptions and privileges regarding income tax, stamp duty, etc. This is because the Government seeks to encourage the growth of the co-operative movement. No such exemptions, privileges and assistance is available to a public limited company. A private limited company, however, enjoys a number of exemptions and privileges under the Companies Act.

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Life Path Circumtances

Personal characteristics are relatively weak predictors of entrepreneurship. Circumstances seem to increase the probability that an individual will become an entrepreneur. Unsatisfactory job environment is one such circumstance. When an employee is satisfied with his job or supervisor, he may think of resigning and starting his own venture. This may also happen when the employer refuses to recognize the value of an innovative idea. Second life path circumstance is displacement or disruption in family life. Partition of the country forced many persons to flee from Pakistan and start their own small ventures in India. Death of the father, loss of job, death of husband, etc, are also examples of displacement. Career transitions like completing studies, being discharged from military service, etc. also help to generate entrepreneurs. Positive pull influences e.g. mentors, potential partners, investors, etc. urge an individual to start a business.

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Start and Sustain Relationships

Who do you go to when in doubt?
I'm sure there must be someone - a teacher, a sibling, a friend or a parent who act like a guiding star in your darkest moment.
Similarly in the corporate world, you will need a mentor, a friend, or a guide who can help you to understand the subtleties of this world. A strong network and support from people, within or outside your field, will give you the confidence to deal with the roller coaster ride of your profession.

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Leading And Managing

If you scored high on statements 5, 7, and 12, then you have a flair for leading and managing people & task. Have you noticed that students who demonstrate leadership skills are captains of school/college team or class representatives or monitors? Whether your position is formal or informal, leadership and management skills can be acquired with practice and knowledge.
Leadership and management are two different things altogether. If combined they make a great potential candidate for a good position. Imagine if you are skilled and technically sound at what you do and can manage other stuff as well; it will increase your visibility in the industry.

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Social Responsibility of Business in India

In India business by and large does not a good public image. A few leading business houses have made significant contributions to the economic and social well-being of the country. But instances of adulteration, hoarding, blackmarketing, exploitation of workers, tax evasion, and other anti-social practices are very common. In order to ensure freedom of enterprise businessmen need to be more responsible towards the society. The Government industrial policy states that if industry acquires an increasing sense of social responsibility government can concentrate more on measures to help industry rather that to control it. In a mixed economy like ours, social responsibilities of business assume special significance.

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Creation Of Customers

Business can earn profits only when it provides goods or services which people are able and willing to buy. Every business enterprise is conceived in terms of a product or service that meets the needs of public. A business enterprise cannot survive unless there are enough people to buy the products and services offered by it. Customer is the generator of revenue for business. By paying for goods and services, customers determine what shall be produced and how much? In the words of Drucker, "There is only one valid definition of business what a business is.......The customer is the foundation of business and keeps it in existence....and it is to supply the customer that society entrusts wealth producing resources to a business enterprise." Customers can be created only when business supplies them what they want and at the price, place and time they desire. Business earns profits by satisfying the needs of customers. Therefore, creation and satisfaction of customers is an important objective of business. Creating customers amounts to creating the market for goods and services.

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To Safeguard Long Term Interest

Enlightened businessmen realize now that it is their own interest to fulfill the demands and aspirations of the society. People having a good environment, education and opportunity make better employees, customers and neighbors for business than those who are poor, ignorant and oppressed. In the words of Arjay Miller, "Under current conditions management cannot effectively discharge its long-run responsibilities to shareholders unless it also behaves responsibly towards employees, customers, government, education and the public at large. The ability of a corporation to protect and enhance the shareholder's equity depends crucially upon the prosperity, goodwill and confidence of the larger community. Acceptance of a large measure of responsibilities towards the community is, therefore, good business as well as good citizenship.

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Balanced Regional Development

Before independence, Government paid little attention to regional planning and there was complete freedom in the matter of industrial location. After independence, the Government realised the need for balanced regional development. The Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948 stated that necessary facilities will be provided for the development of backward areas. The Industries Act, 1956 stated that "only by securing a balanced and co-ordinated development of the industrial and the agricultural economy in each region can the entire country attain high standard of living." Development of industrial estates and public and public sector plants in backward areas was contemplated.

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Personal Historical

Non-economic considerations like preference of the entrepreneur and historical events also influence location. Many successful plants have no apparent economic reason for their present location. Robinson gives two such examples: "Mr. Ford started manufacturing motor cars in Detroit because it was his home town and Lord Nuffield selected Cowley because the in which his father was educated happened to be for sale." In India, Calcutta (now Knolkata) became an industrial center due to the East India Company. In Mughal days, cottage industries thrived near the courts of rules due to their patronage.

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How Do I Get A Job?

The last step is to think about how you will get hired. First of all keep your start by analyzing your research and map it with your "Who Am I" Declaration. After ensuring that your career choice is in sync with your talent, you start working on getting a job.
Before you begin your job search, know your goals and your vision in life. Once you have a plan in front of you, you will be able to focus more clearly on the kind of job that you want.

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Jivanmuktas Of History

RamKrishna Paramahansa, Raman Maharshi, Hui Neng - The outstanding, incontrovertible examples of men who lived, each in his own way, for long years in a state of illumination, in a state of freedom from living itself. None was at any time an intellectual. Each spoke as a separate entity from the plane on which he lived, in that time, in that culture.
Their 'verbal formulae' differed, but the sense of their words is amazingly identical. They were speaking precisely of what they know from their experience. Their words do not excite controversy or arouse in us an expression of opinion. They go straight to our hearts like stones thrown into a pond.
Besides the words of the Jivanmuktas, what is the value of the theories of the metaphysicists and philosophers who write about something they seek and hope to find? These are obviously necessary for discussion amongst students, for teachers talking to students, but let us not forget that these are merely opinion and theories, interesting and stimulating though they may be.
It is, of course, a fact that an intellectual approach could lead to the necessary institutional approach. But do we truly know of any man, histrionically speaking, who realized the Truth through a strictly intellectual approach, merely through studying the Vedas and the Upnishads?

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Concept of Corporate Governance

Corporate governance is not just corporate management, it is something much broader to include a fair, efficient and transparent administration to meet certain well defined objectives. It is a system of structuring, operating and controlling a company with a view to achieve long term strategic goals to satisfy shareholders, creditors, employees, costumers and suppliers, and complying with the legal and regulatory requirements, apart from meeting environmental and local community needs. When it is practiced under a well laid out system, it leads to the building of a legal, commercial and institutional framework and demarcates the boundaries within which these functions are performed"

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Societal Level

At this level ethical question are raised about the overall working of the business system and its relevance to society. The questions asked may be : Should business assume social responsibilities? Should the government intervene in business? Is privatisation justified? Has liberalisation benefited India. Is business promoting promoting concentration of economic power? All such questions relate to the basic nature of business system and its role in society. These question represent an ongoing debate among business and other section of society.

Public Relations

Modern businessmen know that their survival and growth depends on a good public image. In order to improve their image in the public mind they keep their antenas tuned to public opinion. There is a greater awareness on their part that business is the creation of society and it should, therefore, respond to the expectations of society. They have come to realize that socially responsible behavior is in the longterm self-interest  of business. They understand that people make better employees, customers, investors and neighbors for business when they are given a better environment, education and opportunities. They can retain credibility with the public together with their freedom and flexibility in business operation through voluntary assumption of social responsibilities and thereby avoiding Government interference.

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Human Objectives

A business enterprise is an institution carried on by people (entrepreneurs and managers), through people (employees) and for people (consumer and public). Therefore, human factor pervades all business activities. Business is not an end in itself but a means towards human welfare. People are the most valuable asset of business and their well being is its main concern. The success of a business depends upon the quality of of people working in it. In order to win the cooperation of employees, business must fulfill their expectations. The human objectives of business arise from those expectations.

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Criterion For Values

If I earn 3000 rupees a month, and after the usual expenses I can save only 100 rupees, a gift of 1000 rupees could be seen in two ways: one third of my salary or ten times my monthly saving. What we tend to forget is that money is not the first point of exchange: it is an intermediate point. Even as one is struggling to earn money, one is exchanging a part of one's life for it. Pursuit of money can become an end in itself and destroy all sense of values.
When you buy a new house or car, you can consider the cost in terms of what price you have paid or more realistically in terms of how large a portion of life you had to expend to acquire it. Likewise, one's occupation could tend to become the sole pre-occupation until acquiring money becomes a way of life, thereby distorting one's sense of values. The only way to live a sensible life is to have sensible criterion for values.

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Enlightenment and Innocency

I was once asked by a visitor: "Ramesh, are you enlightenment? And what did you achieve through enlightenment?" I found myself answering: " I don't know what you mean by 'enlightenment', but I would rather use the phrase 'ultimate understanding'. What is my ultimate understanding? It is that everything is happening according to a Cosmic Law; no individual can be the doer of any deed. What have I achieved? Only the understanding that I cannot blame anyone for 'what-is' in the present moment - neither 'me' nor the 'other'. This means that, whatever happens, I cannot hate myself or the 'other'. The understanding has given me total freedom from hatred. And absence of hatred means the presence of peace with myself and harmony with the 'other'. That is what I have received from the understanding."
When the visitor heard this, there were tears in his eyes and he responded with the words: "I am really deeply impressed - not so much by what you precisely said, but by the utter innocency with which it was said".
For some time afterwards I thought about the spontaneously used word 'innocency'. I suddenly remembered that it was used by J. Krishnamurti, who wrote: "One must be alone, but this loneliness is not isolation. This loneliness implies freedom from the world of greed, hate and violence with all its subtle ways, and from aching loneliness and despair. To be alone is to be an outsider who does not belong to any religion or nation, to any belief or dogma. It is this loneliness that come upon an innocency that has never been touched by the mischief of man. It is innocency that can live in the world, with all its turmoil, and not be of it."
Innocency means the total acceptance of 'what-is' and not comparing it with any 'what-should be'.

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Perfection

Ther deeper the understanding goes, the fewer words it needs for the necessary expression. That is how one presumes the Upnishadic statement came about. The pronouncements seem to have an authentic intensity about them.
Perfection is attained not when nothing more can be added, but when nothing more can be taken away. When an image is being hewn out of a piece of stone, the sculptor keeps chipping away until he cannot cut any more. Then the image is ready.

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Economic Environment

Economic environment refers to the aggregate of the nature of economic system the structural anatomy of the economy, the organisation of capital market. the set-up of industrial undertakings, the social-economic infrastructure, the economic role of the government, monetary and fiscal policies, the business cycles, the stage of economic development, the nature of factor endowment and the degree of resource exploitation.
The nature of economic system of a country is a crucial determinant of the shape and form of economic environment. The economic system comprises of various sub-systems wherein individual enterprises carry on their income-earning and income-spending activities. The nature of economic system is determined by factors such as the nature of property rights, ownership of factors of production relations, role of government planning, role of public sector, functioning of price mechanism, etc. Accordingly, the economic system of a country may be characterized as capitalist, communist, socialist or mixed economy.

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How To Deal With The Environment

Environment forces may act either as positive stimulant or a negative constraint for business. When these forces are favorable, performance and efficiency of business will increase. For instance, economic liberalisation in India has opened up new areas of growth and diversification to business houses. On the other hand, when the environmental forces are unfavorable, performance and efficiency of business may suffer. Moreover, a particular environmental change may act as a positive stimulant to one business firm and as a negative constraint to another. For instance, the entry of multinational corporations in India has posed a threat to some domestic firms.

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